How does MBBR media facilitate nitrification and denitrification processes?

MBBR media support nitrification and denitrification through:
Nitrification:
Surface Area: MBBR provides large surface areas for nitrifying bacteria (AOB, NOB) to convert ammonia to nitrate.
Oxygen Availability: Aeration keeps biofilms well-oxygenated, promoting efficient nitrification.
Bacterial Growth Conditions: Biofilms protect nitrifying bacteria, ensuring stable growth.
Denitrification:
Anoxic Zones: Media can support denitrifying bacteria in anoxic zones, converting nitrate to nitrogen gas.
Biofilm Layers: Layers with aerobic and anoxic conditions facilitate both nitrification and denitrification.
Organic Carbon Release: MBBR facilitates controlled release of carbon for denitrification in anoxic zones.
System Flexibility: Adjustable aeration and flow patterns optimize nitrification and denitrification.